Advertisement
REVIEW ARTICLE| Volume 20, ISSUE 4, P321-329, October 2011

Download started.

Ok

Care of the migrant obstetric population

Published:August 16, 2011DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2011.06.008

      Abstract

      Care of pregnant migrants is a considerable challenge for all health care workers and health systems. Maternal mortality and serious morbidity are both greatly increased among migrants in western countries, particularly in Africans and asylum seekers. While in many instances, migrants are healthier than native populations and have better perinatal outcomes, this is inconsistent and poorer outcomes are described in many groups. The causes of suboptimal outcomes are numerous and are strongly influenced by the health-seeking behaviour of the parturients. Accordingly, improvement in outcome requires a multifaceted approach with a focus on early access to antenatal services and enhanced medical screening and surveillance for detection and optimisation of comorbid conditions. Provision and/or acceptance of analgesia in labour have not been well researched but existing data are sufficient to suggest that some migrant groups do not receive equivalent pain relief during labour. Provision of information and translation services are important components in improvement of standards of care.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Knight M.
        • Kurinczuk J.J.
        • Spark P.
        • Brocklehurst P.
        Inequalities in maternal health: national cohort study of ethnic variation in severe maternal morbidities.
        BMJ. 2009; 338: b542
        • Ekeus C.
        • Cnattingius S.
        • Hjern A.
        Epidural analgesia during labor among immigrant women in Sweden.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010; 89: 243-249
        • Glance L.G.
        • Wissler R.
        • Glantz C.
        • Osler T.M.
        • Mukamel D.B.
        • Dick A.W.
        Racial differences in the use of epidural analgesia for labor.
        Anesthesiology. 2007; 106 ([discussion 16–18]): 19-25
        • David M.
        • Pachaly J.
        • Vetter K.
        Perinatal outcome in Berlin (Germany) among immigrants from Turkey.
        Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006; 274: 271-278
        • Yoong W.
        • Wagley A.
        • Fong C.
        • Chukwuma C.
        • Nauta M.
        Obstetric performance of ethnic Kosovo Albanian asylum seekers in London: a case-control study.
        J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004; 24: 510-512
        • Small R.
        • Gagnon A.
        • Gissler M.
        • et al.
        Somali women and their pregnancy outcomes postmigration: data from six receiving countries.
        BJOG. 2008; 115: 1630-1640
        • Urquia M.L.
        • Gagnon A.J.
        Glossary: migration and health.
        J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65: 467-472
        • Ameh C.A.
        • Van den Broek N.
        Increased risk of maternal death among ethnic minority women in the UK.
        Obstetrician Gynaecologist. 2008; 10: 177-182
        • Elebro K.
        • Roost M.
        • Moussa K.
        • Johnsdotter S.
        • Essen B.
        Misclassified maternal deaths among East African immigrants in Sweden.
        Reprod Health Matters. 2007; 15: 153-162
        • Gushulak B.D.
        • Pottie K.
        • Roberts J.H.
        • Torres S.
        • DesMeules M.
        Migration and health in Canada: health in the global village.
        CMAJ. 2010; ([Epub ahead of print])https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.09028
      1. Herm A. Recent migration trends: citizens of EU-27 Member States become ever more mobile while the EU remains attractive to non-EU citizens. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat [accessed June 2011].

        • Sobotka T.
        The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe.
        Demogr Res. 2008; 19: 225-248
      2. European Perinatal Health Report. Available from www.europeristat.com [accessed June 2011].

      3. Tromans N, Natamba E, Jeffries J. Have women born outside the UK driven the rise in UK births since 2001? Population Trends 136. UK: Office for National Statistics; 2009.

      4. Births in England and Wales by parent’s country of birth. UK: Office for National Statistics; 2010.

        • Bray J.K.
        • Gorman D.R.
        • Dundas K.
        • Sim J.
        Obstetric care of New European migrants in Scotland: an audit of antenatal care, obstetric outcomes and communication.
        Scott Med J. 2010; 55: 26-31
        • Fawcus S.R.
        • Crowther C.A.
        • Van Baelen P.
        • Marumahoko J.
        Booked and unbooked mothers delivering at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe: a comparison of maternal characteristics and foetal outcome.
        Cent Afr J Med. 1992; 38: 402-408
        • Lewis G.
        The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Why mothers die 2000–2002. The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom.
        RCOG, London2004
        • Ibison J.M.
        • Swerdlow A.J.
        • Head J.A.
        • Marmot M.
        Maternal mortality in England and Wales 1970–1985: an analysis by country of birth.
        BJOG. 1996; 103: 973-980
        • Berg C.J.
        • Chang J.
        • Callaghan W.M.
        • Whitehead S.J.
        Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1991–1997.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 101: 289-296
        • Philibert M.
        • Deneux-Tharaux C.
        • Bouvier-Colle M.H.
        Can excess maternal mortality among women of foreign nationality be explained by suboptimal obstetric care?.
        BJOG. 2008; 115: 1411-1418
        • Razum O.
        • Jahn A.
        • Blettner M.
        • Reitmaier P.
        Trends in maternal mortality ratio among women of German and non-German nationality in West Germany, 1980–1996.
        Int J Epidemiol. 1999; 28: 919-924
        • Luque Fernandez M.A.
        • Bueno Cavanillas A.
        • de Mateo S.
        Excess of maternal mortality in foreign nationalities in Spain, 1999–2006.
        Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009; 149: 52-56
      5. Bollini P, Wanner P, Pampallona S. Trends in maternal mortality in Switzerland among Swiss and foreign nationals, 1969–2006. Int J Public Health .

        • Schutte J.M.
        • Steegers E.A.P.
        • Schuitemaker N.W.E.
        • et al.
        Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands.
        BJOG. 2010; 117: 399-406
        • Schuitemaker N.
        • van Roosmalen J.
        • Dekker G.
        • van Dongen P.
        • van Geijn H.
        • Gravenhorst J.B.
        Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths in The Netherlands 1983–1992.
        Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998; 79: 57-62
        • Knight M.
        • Tuffnell D.
        • Brocklehurst P.
        • Spark P.
        • Kurinczuk J.J.
        Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 115: 910-917
        • Van Hanegem N.
        • Miltenburg A.S.
        • Zwart J.J.
        • Bloemenkamp K.W.
        • Van Roosmalen J.
        Severe acute maternal morbidity in asylum seekers: a two-year nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01140
        • Zwart J.J.
        • Jonkers M.D.
        • Richters A.
        • et al.
        Ethnic disparity in severe acute maternal morbidity: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands.
        Eur J Public Health. 2011; 21: 229-234
        • Brown H.L.
        • Small M.
        • Taylor Y.J.
        • Chireau M.
        • Howard D.L.
        Near miss maternal mortality in a multiethnic population.
        Ann Epidemiol. 2011; 21: 73-77
        • Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE)
        Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The eight report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom.
        BJOG. 2011; 118: 1-203
        • Bollini P.
        • Pampallona S.
        • Wanner P.
        • Kupelnick B.
        Pregnancy outcome of migrant women and integration policy: a systematic review of the international literature.
        Soc Sci Med. 2009; 68: 452-461
        • Urquia M.L.
        • Frank J.W.
        • Glazier R.H.
        • Moineddin R.
        Birth outcomes by neighbourhood income and recent immigration in Toronto.
        Health Rep. 2007; 18: 21-30
        • Urquia M.L.
        • Frank J.W.
        • Moineddin R.
        • Glazier R.H.
        Immigrants’ duration of residence and adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study.
        BJOG. 2010; 117: 591-601
        • Urquia M.L.
        • Glazier R.H.
        • Blondel B.
        • et al.
        International migration and adverse birth outcomes: role of ethnicity, region of origin and destination.
        J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010; 64: 243-251
        • Segal S.
        • Gemer O.
        • Yaniv M.
        The outcome of pregnancy in an immigrant Ethiopian population in Israel.
        Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1996; 258: 43-46
        • Johnson E.B.
        • Reed S.D.
        • Hitti J.
        • Batra M.
        Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome among Somali immigrants in Washington state.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 193: 475-482
        • Vangen S.
        • Stoltenberg C.
        • Johansen R.E.
        • Sundby J.
        • Stray-Pedersen B.
        Perinatal complications among ethnic Somalis in Norway.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002; 81: 317-322
        • Gagnon A.J.
        • Zimbeck M.
        • Zeitlin J.
        • et al.
        Migration to western industrialised countries and perinatal health: a systematic review.
        Soc Sci Med. 2009; 69: 934-946
        • Gissler M.
        • Alexander S.
        • MacFarlane A.
        • et al.
        Stillbirths and infant deaths among migrants in industrialized countries.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009; 88: 134-148
        • Goldberg J.
        • Hyslop T.
        • Tolosa J.E.
        • Sultana C.
        Racial differences in severe perineal lacerations after vaginal delivery.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 188: 1063-1067
        • Hopkins L.
        • Caughey A.B.
        • Glidden D.V.
        • Laros R.K.
        Racial/ethnic differences in perineal, vaginal and cervical lacerations.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 193: 455-459
        • Kudish B.
        • Sokol R.J.
        • Kruger M.
        Trends in major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma, 1996–2006.
        Int J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 102: 165-170
        • Sanmartin C.
        • Ross N.
        Experiencing difficulties accessing first-contact health services in Canada: Canadians without regular doctors and recent immigrants have difficulties accessing first-contact healthcare services. Reports of difficulties in accessing care vary by age, sex and region.
        Health Policy. 2006; 1: 103-119
        • D’Souza L.
        • Garcia J.
        Improving services for disadvantaged childbearing women.
        Child Care Health Dev. 2004; 30: 599-611
        • Rowe R.E.
        • Garcia J.
        Social class, ethnicity and attendance for antenatal care in the United Kingdom: a systematic review.
        J Public Health Med. 2003; 25: 113-119
        • Kupek E.
        • Petrou S.
        • Vause S.
        • Maresh M.
        Clinical, provider and sociodemographic predictors of late initiation of antenatal care in England and Wales.
        BJOG. 2002; 109: 265-273
        • Treacy A.
        • Byrne P.
        • Collins C.
        • Geary M.
        Pregnancy outcome in immigrant women in the Rotunda Hospital.
        Ir Med J. 2006; 99: 22-23
        • Alderliesten M.E.
        • Vrijkotte T.G.M.
        • Van Der Wal M.F.
        • Bonsel G.J.
        Late start of antenatal care among ethnic minorities in a large cohort of pregnant women.
        BJOG. 2007; 114: 1232-1239
        • Wolff H.
        • Epiney M.
        • Lourenco A.P.
        • et al.
        Undocumented migrants lack access to pregnancy care, prevention.
        BMC Public Health. 2008; 8: 93
        • Wolff H.
        • Stalder H.
        • Epiney M.
        • Walder A.
        • Irion O.
        • Morabia A.
        Health care and illegality: a survey of undocumented pregnant immigrants in Geneva.
        Soc Sci Med. 2005; 60: 2149-2154
      6. Essen B, Binder P, Johnsdotter S. An anthropological analysis of the perspectives of Somali women in the west and their obstetric care providers on caesarean birth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2011;32:10–8.

        • Essen B.
        • Johnsdotter S.
        • Hovelius B.
        • et al.
        Qualitative study of pregnancy and childbirth experiences in Somalian women resident in Sweden.
        BJOG. 2000; 107: 1507-1512
        • Brown E.
        • Carroll J.
        • Fogarty C.
        • Holt C.
        “They Get a C-Section … They Gonna Die”: Somali women’s fears of obstetrical interventions in the United States.
        J Transcult Nurs. 2010; 21: 220-227
        • Essen B.
        • Bodker B.
        • Sjoberg N.O.
        • et al.
        Are some perinatal deaths in immigrant groups linked to suboptimal perinatal care services?.
        BJOG. 2002; 109: 677-682
        • Walsh J.
        • Mahony R.
        • Armstrong F.
        • Ryan G.
        • O’Herlihy C.
        • Foley M.
        Ethnic variation between white European women in labour outcomes in a setting in which the management of labour is standardised – a healthy migrant effect?.
        BJOG. 2011; 118: 713-718
        • David R.J.
        • Collins Jr., J.W.
        Differing birth weight among infants of US-born blacks, African-born blacks, and US-born whites.
        N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1209-1214
        • Gould J.B.
        • Madan A.
        • Qin C.
        • Chavez G.
        Perinatal outcomes in two dissimilar immigrant populations in the United States: a dual epidemiologic paradox.
        Pediatrics. 2003; 111: e676-e682
        • Wingate M.S.
        • Alexander G.R.
        The healthy migrant theory: variations in pregnancy outcomes among US-born migrants.
        Soc Sci Med. 2006; 62: 491-498
        • Gushulak B.
        Healthier on arrival? Further insight into the “healthy immigrant effect”.
        CMAJ. 2007; 176: 1439-1440
        • Ray J.G.
        • Vermeulen M.J.
        • Schull M.J.
        • Singh G.
        • Shah R.
        • Redelmeier D.A.
        Results of the Recent Immigrant Pregnancy and Perinatal Long-term Evaluation Study (RIPPLES).
        CMAJ. 2007; 176: 1419-1426
        • Rust G.
        • Nembhard W.N.
        • Nichols M.
        • et al.
        Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of epidural analgesia to Georgia Medicaid beneficiaries during labor and delivery.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 191: 456-462
        • Malin M.
        • Gissler M.
        Maternal care and birth outcomes among ethnic minority women in Finland.
        BMC Public Health. 2009; 9: 84
        • Yoong W.
        • Kolhe S.
        • Karoshi M.
        • Ullah M.
        • Nauta M.
        The obstetric performance of United Kingdom asylum seekers from Somalia: a case-control study and literature review.
        Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2005; 50: 175-179
        • Morr A.K.
        • Broscheit J.
        • Blissing S.
        • Bernar T.
        • Dietl J.
        Influence of socio-economic status on the utilization of epidural analgesia during labor.
        Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2007; 211: 23-26
        • Roberts C.L.
        • Tracy S.
        • Peat B.
        Rates for obstetric intervention among private and public patients in Australia: population based descriptive study.
        BMJ. 2000; 321: 137-141
        • Liu N.
        • Wen S.W.
        • Manual D.G.
        • Katherine W.
        • Bottomley J.
        • Walker M.C.
        Social disparity and the use of intrapartum epidural analgesia in a publicly funded health care system.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 202: e271-e278
        • Ekeus C.
        • Hjern A.
        • Hjelmstedt A.
        The need for epidural analgesia is related to birthweight – a population-based register study.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009; 88: 397-401
        • Schytt E.
        • Waldenstrom U.
        Epidural analgesia for labor pain: whose choice?.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010; 89: 238-242
        • Sheiner E.
        • Sheiner E.K.
        • Shoham-Vardi I.
        • et al.
        Predictors of recommendation and acceptance of intrapartum epidural analgesia.
        Anesth Analg. 2000; 90: 109-113
        • Ness S.M.
        Pain expression in the perioperative period: insights from a focus group of Somali women.
        Pain Manag Nurs. 2009; 10: 65-75
        • Chapman W.P.
        • Jones C.M.
        Variations in cutaneous and visceral pain sensitivity in normal subjects.
        J Clin Invest. 1944; 23: 81-91
        • Woodrow K.M.
        • Friedman G.D.
        • Siegelaub A.B.
        • Collen M.F.
        Pain tolerance: differences according to age, sex and race.
        Psychosom Med. 1972; 34: 548-556
        • Walsh N.E.
        • Schoenfeld L.
        • Ramamurthy S.
        • Hoffman J.
        Normative model for cold pressor test.
        Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1989; 68: 6-11
        • Campbell C.M.
        • Edwards R.R.
        • Fillingim R.B.
        Ethnic differences in responses to multiple experimental pain stimuli.
        Pain. 2005; 113: 20-26
        • Edwards C.L.
        • Fillingim R.B.
        • Keefe F.
        Race, ethnicity and pain.
        Pain. 2001; 94: 133-137
        • Tan E.
        • Lim Y.
        • Teo Y.
        • Goh R.
        • Law H.
        • Sia A.
        Ethnic differences in pain perception and patient-controlled analgesia usage for postoperative pain.
        J Pain. 2008; 9: 849-855
        • Tan E.
        • Lim E.
        • Teo Y.
        • Lim Y.
        • Law H.
        • Sia A.
        Ethnicity and OPRM variant independently predict pain perception and patient-controlled analgesia usage for post-operative pain.
        Mol Pain. 2009; 5: 32
        • D’Alonzo R.C.
        • White W.D.
        • Schultz J.R.
        • Jaklitsch P.M.
        • Habib A.S.
        Ethnicity and the distance to the epidural space in parturients.
        Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008; 33: 24-29
        • Soleiman J.
        • Demaerel P.
        • Rocher S.
        • Maes F.
        • Marchal G.
        Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender.
        Spine. 2005; 30: 1875-1880
        • Gatonga P.
        • Ogeng’o J.A.
        • Awori K.O.
        Spinal cord termination in adult Africans: relationship with intercristal line and the transumbilical plane.
        Clin Anat. 2010; 23: 563-565
        • Pysyk C.
        • Persaud D.
        • Bryson G.
        • Lui A.
        Ultrasound assessment of the vertebral level of the palpated intercristal (Tuffier’s) line.
        Can J Anesth. 2010; 57: 46-49
        • Folsom A.R.
        • Aleksic N.
        • Sanhueza A.
        • Boerwinkle E.
        Risk factor correlates of platelet and leukocyte markers assessed by flow cytometry in a population-based sample.
        Atherosclerosis. 2009; 205: 272-278
        • White R.H.
        • Keenan C.R.
        Effects of race and ethnicity on the incidence of venous thromboembolism.
        Thromb Res. 2009; 123: S11-S17
        • Bach P.B.
        • Pham H.H.
        • Schrag D.
        • Tate R.C.
        • Hargraves J.L.
        Primary care physicians who treat blacks and whites.
        N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 575-584
        • Ng B.
        • Dimsdale J.E.
        • Shragg G.P.
        • Deutsch R.
        Ethnic differences in analgesic consumption for postoperative pain.
        Psychosom Med. 1996; 58: 125-129
        • Bonham V.L.
        Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment.
        J Law Med Ethics. 2001; 29: 52-68
        • Green C.R.
        • Anderson K.O.
        • Baker T.A.
        • et al.
        The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain.
        Pain Med. 2003; 4: 277-294
        • Jonkers M.
        • Richters A.
        • Zwart J.
        • Öry F.
        • van Roosmalen J.
        Severe maternal morbidity among immigrant women in the Netherlands: patients’ perspectives.
        Reprod Health Matters. 2011; 19: 144-153
        • Flores G.
        The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review.
        Med Care Res Rev. 2005; 62: 255-299
        • Ramirez D.
        • Engel K.G.
        • Tang T.S.
        Language interpreter utilization in the emergency department setting: a clinical review.
        J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008; 19: 352-362
        • Stewart M.
        • Brown J.
        • Boon H.
        • Galajda J.
        • Meredith L.
        • Sangster M.
        Evidence on patient-doctor communication.
        Cancer Prev Control. 1999; 3: 25-30
        • Stewart M.
        • Brown J.
        • Donner A.
        • et al.
        The impact of patient-centered care on outcomes.
        J Fam Pract. 2000; 49: 796-804
        • Stewart M.A.
        Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review.
        CMAJ. 1995; 152: 1423-1433
        • DeVoe J.E.
        • Wallace L.S.
        • Fryer Jr., G.E.
        Measuring patients’ perceptions of communication with healthcare providers: do differences in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics matter?.
        Health Expect. 2009; 12: 70-80
        • Elderkin-Thompson V.
        • Cohen Silver R.
        • Waitzkin H.
        When nurses double as interpreters: a study of Spanish-speaking patients in a US primary care setting.
        Soc Sci Med. 2001; 52: 1343-1358
        • Pham K.
        • Thornton J.D.
        • Engelberg R.A.
        • Jackson J.C.
        • Curtis J.R.
        Alterations during medical interpretation of ICU family conferences that interfere with or enhance communication.
        Chest. 2008; 134: 109-116
        • Karliner L.S.
        • Jacobs E.A.
        • Chen A.H.
        • Mutha S.
        Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature.
        Health Serv Res. 2007; 42: 727-754
        • Karliner L.S.
        • Mutha S.
        Achieving quality in health care through language access services: lessons from a California public hospital.
        Am J Med Qual. 2010; 25: 51-59
        • Thomas P.E.
        • Beckmann M.
        • Gibbons K.
        The effect of cultural and linguistic diversity on pregnancy outcome.
        Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010; 50: 419-422
        • Small R.
        • Rice P.L.
        • Yelland J.
        • Lumley J.
        Mothers in a new country: the role of culture and communication in Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino Women’s experiences of giving birth in Australia.
        Women Health. 1999; 28: 77-101
        • Gagnon A.
        • Wahoush O.
        • Dougherty G.
        • et al.
        The childbearing health, related service needs of newcomers (CHARSNN) study protocol.
        BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006; 6: 31
        • Von Katterfeld B.
        • Li J.
        • McNamara B.
        • Langridge A.T.
        Obstetric profiles of foreign-born women in Western Australia using data linkage, 1998–2006.
        Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 51: 225-232