Highlights
- •Postnatal headache may be associated with maternal mortality.
- •The management of obstetric post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) varies considerably.
- •Much of the evidence on obstetric PDPH management is not of high quality.
- •Recommendations for treatment with an epidural blood patch are made.
- •Women experiencing PDPH should be followed-up after hospital discharge.
Abstract
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to International Journal of Obstetric AnesthesiaReferences
- Treatment of postspinal headache.Anesthesiology. 1960; 21: 565-566
- Experiences with epidural blood patch.Anaesthesia. 1980; 35: 513-515
- Long-term follow-up of epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1975; 54: 459-463
- Epidural blood patch for post-lumbar puncture headache.Anesthesiology. 1974; 41: 307-308
- The volume of blood for epidural blood patch in obstetrics: a randomized blinded clinical trial.Anesth Analg. 2011; 113: 126-133
- Epidural blood patching for preventing and treating post-dural puncture headache [withdrawn].Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; : CD001791
- Treatment of obstetric post-dural puncture headache. Conservative and pharmacological management.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019; 38: 93-103
International Headache Society. IHS Classification ICHD-3 Beta. Available at: https://www.ichd-3.org/. Accessed August 20, 2018.
- Atypical headache following dural puncture in obstetrics.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014; 23: 246-252
- Unintentional dural puncture. A survey of recognition and management.Anaesthesia. 1987; 42: 1110-1113
- Accidental dural puncture and post dural puncture headache in obstetric anaesthesia: a 23-year survey in a district general hospital.Anaesthesia. 2008; 63: 36-43
- Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation.Anaesthesia. 2013; 68: 966-972
- As audit of epidural blood patch after accidental dural puncture with a Tuohy needle in obstetric patients.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2001; 10: 172-176
- A retrospective review of an epidural blood patch database: incidence of epidural blood patch associated with obstetric neuraxial techniques and the effect of blood volume on efficacy.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017; 29: 10-17
- The influence of timing on the effectiveness of epidural blood patches in parturients.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2013; 22: 303-309
- Efficacy of epidural blood patch in the obstetric population.Int J Obstet Anesth. 1999; 8: 105-109
- Effective epidural blood patch volumes for postdural puncture headache in Taiwanese women.J Formos Med Assoc. 2007; 106: 134-140
- Time vs. success rate for epidural blood patch.Anesthesiology. 1978; 40: 147-148
- Management of accidental dural puncture in labour with intrathecal catheters: an analysis of 10 years’ experience.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2001; 10: 177-181
- Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the management of post-dural puncture headache.Anesthesiology. 2001; 95: 334-339
- Lidocaine inhibits blood coagulation: implications for epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 766-769
- The effect of serial in vitro haemodilution with maternal cerebrospinal fluid and crystalloid on thromboelastographic (TEG®) blood coagulation and the implications for epidural blood patching.Anaesthesia. 2015; 70: 135-141
- When should an epidural blood patch be performed in postlumbar puncture headache? A theoretical approach based on a cohort of 79 patients.Cephalalgia. 2005; 25: 523-527
- The management of accidental dural puncture during labour epidural analgesia: a survey of UK practice.Anaesthesia. 2005; 60: 673-679
- Management of accidental dural puncture during labour: a survey of UK practice.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2018; 35: S22
- Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid leak and tamponade effect of blood in postdural puncture headache.Anesth Analg. 1997; 84: 585-590
- Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and headache after lumbar puncture: a prospective non-invasive imaging study.Brain. 2015; 138: 1492-1498
- An MRI study of lumbar puncture headaches.Headache. 1995; 35: 420-422
- Severe postpartum headache.BMJ. 2017; 357: 1856
- Lumbar puncture-related cerebrospinal fluid leakage on magnetic resonance myelography; is it a clinically significant finding?.BMC Anesthesiol. 2013; 13: 35
- Role of transcranial Doppler measurements in postpartum patients with post-dural puncture headache: a pilot study.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017; 29: 90-91
- Trendelenburg position: a tool to screen for the presence of a low CSF pressure syndrome in daily headache patients.Headache. 2008; 48: 1366-1371
Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association. Headache after epidural or spinal injection? What you need to know 2016. Available at: http://www.labourpains.com/assets/_managed/cms/files/Headache_after_epidural.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2018.
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. AAGBI: Consent for anaesthesia 2017. Available at: https://www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/AAGBI_Consent_for_anaesthesia_2017_0.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2018.
- They think it’s all over.in: Russell R. Scrutton M. Reynolds Porter J. F, Pain relief in labour. BMJ Publishing, London1997: 220-241
- Subarachnoideal blood spread following epidural blood patch given to treat spontaneous intracranial hypotension: can it cause neurological complications?.Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016; 140: 43-46
Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association. National Obstetric Anaesthesia Data for 2012. Available at: http://www.oaa-anaes.ac.uk/assets/_managed/cms/files/NOAD%20REPORTS/National%20Obstetric%20Anaesthesia%20Data%20for%202012%20final.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2018.
- Magnetic resonance imaging of extradural blood patches: appearances from 30 min to 18 h.Br J Anaesth. 1993; 71: 182-188
- Epidural blood patch in post dural puncture headache: a randomised observer-blind controlled clinical trial.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 79: 553-558
- Efficacy of epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1993; 37: 702-705
- Unintentional dural puncture with a Tuohy needle increases risk of chronic headache.Anesth Analg. 2012; 115: 124-132
- Chronic headache and backache are long term sequelae of unintentional dural puncture in the obstetric population.J Clin Anesth. 2015; 27: 201-206
- Chronic adhesive arachnoiditis after repeat epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015; 24: 280-283
- Complications following large-volume epidural blood patches for postdural puncture headache. Lumbar subdural hematoma and arachnoiditis.J Clin Anesth. 2009; 21: 355-359
- Intrathecal hematoma and arachnoiditis after prophylactic blood patch through a catheter.Anesth Analg. 1997; 84: 233-234
- Intrathecal haematoma and arachnoiditis mimicking bacterial meningitis after an attempted epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017; 32: 77-81
- Subdural hematoma after an epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2012; 21: 189-192
- Spinal subdural haematoma after an epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015; 24: 288-289
- Intrathecal injection of epidural blood patch: a case report and review of the literature.Emerg Radiol. 2004; 11: 56-59
- Intrathecal haematoma: a rare cause of back pain following epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015; 24: 200
- Lumbosacral meningismus complicating subdural injection of “blood patch”: case report.J Neurosurg. 1980; 52: 849-851
- Spinal subdural epiarachnoid hematoma: a complication of a novel epidural blood patch technique.Anesth Analg. 1980; 59: 702-703
- Spinal subdural haematoma as a complication of immediate epidural blood patch.Can J Anaesth. 1996; 43: 306-309
- Permanent paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome after epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache.Anesthesiology. 2002; 96: 1515-1517
- Radicular pain followed by epidural blood patch.Pain Med. 2014; 15: 1642-1643
- Lumbar subarachnoid hematoma following an epidural blood patch for meningeal puncture headache related to the implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system.Pain Physician. 2014; 17: E405-E411
- An epidural blood path causing acute neurologic dysfunction necessitating decompressive laminectomy.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 39: 78-80
- Postpartum seizure after epidural blood patch and intravenous caffeine sodium benzoate.Anesthesiology. 1989; 70: 146-149
- Recurrent post-partum seizures after epidural blood patch.Br J Anaesth. 2002; 90: 247-250
- General seizures in connection with an epidural blood patch.Ugeskr Laeger. 1989; 151: 3405-3406
- Seizures after epidural blood patch with undiagnosed subdural hematoma.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002; 27: 433
- Postpartum seizure and ischaemic stroke following dural puncture and epidural blood patch.Anaesth Intensive Care. 2012; 40: 347-351
- Maternal cortical vein thrombosis and the obstetric anesthesiologist.Anesth Analg. 1986; 65: 1007-1012
- Postpartum headache following regional analgesia; a symptom of cerebral venous thrombosis.Can J Anaesth. 1989; 36: 705-707
- Postpartum dural venous sinus thrombosis after postdural puncture headache and epidural blood patch.Anesthesiology. 1997; 86: 487-490
- Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following accidental dural puncture and epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2008; 17: 267-270
- Cerebral venous thrombosis after epidural blood patch: coincidence or causal relation? A case report and review of the literature.Cephalalgia. 2008; 28: 769-773
- Epidural injection of autologous blood for postlumbar-puncture headache.Anesth Analg. 1972; 51: 226-232
- 7th nerve palsy after extradural blood patch.Br J Anaesth. 1990; 65: 721-722
- Facial nerve paralysis after epidural blood patch.Reg Anesth. 1993; 18: 196-198
- Facial nerve paralysis after successive epidural blood patches.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2001; 10: 146
- Facial nerve paralysis and partial brachial plexopathy after epidural blood patch: a case report and review of the literature.J Pain Res. 2011; 4: 39-45
- Epidural blood patch does cause a decrease in heart rate.Anesth Analg. 1992; 74: 619
- Transient bradycardia associated with extradural blood patch after inadvertent dural puncture in parturients.Br J Anaesth. 1992; 69: 401-403
- A subdural abscess and infected blood patch complicating regional analgesia for labour.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005; 14: 246-251
- Presumed Group B Streptococcal meningitis after epidural blood patch.AA Case Rep. 2015; 4: 163-165
- Bacterial meningitis following epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery: a case report.Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 74: 437-439
- Severe, acute meningeal irritative reaction after epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1998; 87: 1139-1140
- Meningitis after combined spinal-extradural anaesthesia in obstetrics.Br J Anaesth. 1994; 73: 545-547
- Intracranial haemorrhage after dural puncture and epidural blood patch: nonpostural and noncontinuous headache.Anesthesiology. 1984; 60: 258-259
- Cranial subarachnoid hemorrhage as an unusual complication of epidural blood patch.Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011; 113: 689-692
- Intravascular hemorrhage after epidural blood patching: an unusual complication.Case Rep Neurol Med. 2014; 2014406289
- Temporary homonymous hemianopsia after epidural blood patch.Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2013; 56: 130-133
- Acute vision loss secondary to epidural blood patch: Terson syndrome.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 41: 164-168
- Bladder and bowel dysfunction following small volume epidural blood patch for spontaneous intracranial hypotension.J Clin Neurosci. 2013; 20: 325-328
- Transient bladder and fecal incontinence following epidural blood patch.Saudi J Anaesth. 2015; 9: 467-469
- Exacerbation of post-dural puncture headache after epidural blood patch.Can J Anaesth. 1994; 41: 628-631
- Chronic back pain secondary to a calcified epidural blood patch.Anesthesiology. 2008; 108: 535-537
- Transient monoplegia and paraesthesia after an epidural blood patch for a spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak.J Clin Neurosci. 2015; 22: 1493-1495
- Postpartum cerebral ischaemia after accidental dural puncture and epidural blood patch.Br J Anaesth. 2003; 90: 98-100
- Horner’s syndrome following an epidural blood patch.JRSM Short Rep. 2012; 3: 68
- Accidental dural puncture in obstetric patients and long term symptoms.BMJ. 1993; 306: 883-885
Knight M, Kenyon S, Brocklehurst P, Neilson J, Shakespeare J, Kurinczuk JJ (eds.) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care – Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit. University of Oxford 2014.
- Does postdural puncture headache left untreated lead to subdural hematoma? Case report and review of the literature.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2006; 15: 50-58
- Intracranial subdural haematoma following neuraxial anaesthesia in the obstetric population: a literature review with analysis of 56 reported cases.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016; 25: 58-65
- Intracranial venous thrombosis in a parturient.Anesthesiology. 2007; 107: 652-658
- Dural puncture and activated protein C resistance: risk factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997; 63: 351-356
- Cranial nerve palsy following central neuraxial block in obstetrics – a review of the literature and analysis of 43 case reports.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017; 31: 13-26
- Epidural blood patch in the treatment of abducens palsy after a dural puncture.Can J Anaesth. 2007; 54: 146-150
- Failure of delayed epidural blood patching to correct persistent cranial nerve palsies.Anesth Analg. 1994; 79: 806-807
- Cranial nerve VI palsy after dural-arachnoid puncture.Anesth Analg. 2015; 120: 644-646
- Puerperal seizures after post-dural puncture headache.Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85: 255-260
- Unexpected postpartum seizures associated with post-dural puncture headache treated with caffeine.Int J Obstet Anesth. 1996; 5: 43-46
- Treatment for postdural puncture headache associated with late postpartum eclampsia.Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1999; 50: 99-102
- Grand mal seizure in a postpartum patient following intravenous infusion of caffeine sodium benzoate to treat persistent headache.J Clin Anesth. 1992; 4: 48-51
- Unexplained fitting in three parturients suffering from postdural puncture headache.Br J Anaesth. 2002; 89: 782-785
- Epidural blood patch: evaluation of the volume and spread of blood injected into the epidural space.Anesthesiology. 1986; 64: 820-822
- A comparison of epidural pressures and incidence of true subatmospheric epidural pressure between the mid-thoracic and low-thoracic epidural space.Anesth Analg. 2006; 103: 1318-1321
- Through a glass darkly – ultrasound imaging in obstetric anaesthesia.Anaesthesia. 2016; 71: 617-622
- Computed tomography-guided epidural patching of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks.J Neurosurg Spine. 2014; 21: 805-810
- Fluoroscopically guided epidural blood patch in patients with postdural puncture headache after spinal and epidural anesthesia.J Anesth. 2011; 25: 450-453
- Incidence of inadvertent dural puncture during CT fluoroscopic-guided interlaminar epidural corticosteroid injections in the cervical spine: an analysis of 974 cases.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017; 209: 656-661
- Epidural injections of autologous blood for postlumbar-puncture headache.Anesth Analg. 1970; 49: 268-271
- Observational study of changes in epidural pressure and elastance during epidural blood patch in obstetric patients.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014; 23: 144-150
- Post-dural puncture headache: pathogenesis, prevention and treatment.Br J Anaesth. 2003; 91: 718-729
- Blood culture in apyrexial patient having epidural blood patch.Anaesthesia. 1999; 54: 816-817
- Epidural blood patch (EBP) and septic complication.Can J Anaesth. 2000; 47: 289-290
- Duration of decubitus position after epidural blood patch.Can J Anaesth. 1994; 41: 23-25
- Postpartum headaches: summary report of the National Obstetric Anaesthetic Database (NOAD) 1999.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2003; 12: 107-112
- Postpartum headache after epidural blood patch: investigation and diagnosis.Br J Anaesth. 2000; 84: 407-410
- Prophylactic blood patch performed prior to continuous epidural analgesia.J Clin Anesth. 2000; 12: 558-560
- Successful neuraxial analgesia after recent epidural blood patch.AA Case Rep. 2015; 5: 51-53
- Successful labor epidural analgesia 10 days after an epidural blood patch.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011; 20: 194-195
- Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery shortly after an epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 2003; 96: 545-547
- Successful epidural anesthesia following epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1978; 57: 272-273
- Impaired epidural analgesia after dural puncture with and without subsequent blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1990; 70: 76-79
- Epidural blood patch.Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983; 11: 384
- Restricted spread of analgesia following epidural blood patch.Anaesthesia. 1983; 38: 481-484
- Blood patches may cause scarring in the epidural space; two case reports.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011; 20: 347-351
- Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are not impaired after dural puncture with or without epidural blood patch.Anesth Analg. 1999; 89: 390-394
- Timing of neuraxial pain interventions following blood patch for post dural puncture headache.Pain Physician. 2014; 17: 119-125
Care Quality Commission. Regulation 20: Duty of candour. 2018. Available at: http://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/regulations-enforcement/regulation-20-duty-candour#full-regulation. Accessed August 20, 2018.
- The management of dural puncture in obstetrics and the efficacy of epidural blood patches.Ir Med J. 2004; 97: 298-300
Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association/Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. OAA/AAGBI Guidelines for Obstetric Anaesthetic Services 2013. Available at: http://www.oaa-anaes.ac.uk/assets/_managed/editor/File/Guidelines/obstetric_anaesthetic_services_2013.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2018.
- Use of an information leaflet to improve general practitioners’ knowledge of post dural puncture headache.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005; 15: 28-32